Wireless Notes
HubBeamforming Analog Digital Hybrid 5G ImplementationCognitive Radio Dynamic Spectrum Access SensingEdge Computing in Wireless MEC 5G IntegrationMassive MIMO 5G Technology Benefits DeploymentMIMO Systems Spatial Multiplexing Diversity CapacityNetwork Slicing 5G Virtual Networks Use CasesSoftware Defined Radio SDR Architecture ApplicationsAntenna Arrays Phased Arrays and BeamformingAntenna Basics in Wireless CommunicationAntenna Parameters Gain Directivity Beamwidth EfficiencyDipole Antenna Half-Wave Dipole in Wireless CommunicationHorn Antenna Types Working and ApplicationsMicrostrip Patch Antenna Design and ApplicationsMonopole Antenna Quarter-Wave Ground PlaneSmart Antennas MIMO and Massive MIMO SystemsCell Splitting Technique in Cellular NetworksCellular Concept in Mobile CommunicationFrequency Reuse in Cellular NetworksHandoff Techniques in Cellular NetworksCellular Network Planning Coverage Capacity OptimizationRoaming in Cellular NetworksSectoring in Cellular NetworksBandwidth in Wireless CommunicationElectromagnetic Spectrum in Wireless CommunicationFading in Wireless CommunicationFrequency and Wavelength in Wireless CommunicationNoise and Interference in Wireless CommunicationPath Loss in Wireless CommunicationRadio Wave Propagation in Wireless CommunicationSignal Transmission in Wireless CommunicationCellular Network Interview Questions Planning Handoff 5GModulation Interview Questions ASK FSK PSK QAM OFDMWireless Communication Cheatsheet All Formulas Quick ReferenceWireless Communication Interview Questions Top 50 Q&AAdvantages and Disadvantages of Wireless CommunicationApplications of Wireless CommunicationHistory of Wireless CommunicationWhat is Wireless CommunicationWireless vs Wired CommunicationIndustrial IoT IIoT Communication Industry 4.0IoT Case Studies Real-World Implementations Success StoriesIoT Communication Basics Protocols Architecture ConnectivityMQTT Protocol IoT Messaging Publish Subscribe QoSSmart Home Communication Protocols Matter ThreadWireless Sensor Networks WSN Architecture Applications1G Technology First Generation Mobile Communication2G Technology GSM Digital Revolution SMS3G Technology WCDMA HSPA Mobile Broadband4G LTE Technology True Mobile Broadband5G Technology NR Architecture Use CasesBeyond 5G and 6G Future Wireless CommunicationMobile Generation Comparison 1G 2G 3G 4G 5G Complete TableAmplitude Modulation AM in Wireless CommunicationASK Amplitude Shift Keying in Digital CommunicationFrequency Modulation FM in Wireless CommunicationFSK Frequency Shift Keying in Digital CommunicationModulation Techniques Comparison Complete TablePhase Modulation PM in Wireless CommunicationPSK Phase Shift Keying in Digital CommunicationQAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Complete GuideQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying ModulationMultiple Access Techniques Comparison FDMA TDMA CDMA OFDMA SDMACDMA Code Division Multiple AccessFDMA Frequency Division Multiple AccessOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDMA Space Division Multiple AccessTDMA Time Division Multiple AccessBluetooth LED Control Project BLE Arduino ESP32 AppESP8266 IoT Weather Station WiFi Sensors Cloud DashboardMQTT Smart Home Project Multi-Room Control DashboardWiFi Based Home Automation Project ESP32 MQTT App ControlWireless Sensor Network Project LoRa Multi-Node MonitoringWireless Weather Station Project Multi-Sensor Solar DisplayWireless Communication Formulas and Equations ReferenceFurther Reading and Resources for Wireless CommunicationsWireless Communication Glossary A to Z Terms DefinitionsWireless Standards and Protocols IEEE 3GPP ITU ReferenceCommunication Satellites Types HTS and Satellite InternetGPS System Working Segments Accuracy GNSSSatellite Communication Applications Broadcasting InternetSatellite Communication Basics System Components Link BudgetSatellite Link Design Link Budget C/N Rain FadeSatellite Orbits GEO MEO LEO Types and ComparisonFree Space Propagation Model in Wireless CommunicationMultipath Propagation in Wireless CommunicationRayleigh Fading Model in Wireless CommunicationReflection Refraction Diffraction in Wireless CommunicationRician Fading Model in Wireless CommunicationShadowing Log-Normal Fading in Wireless CommunicationWireless Channel Models Complete OverviewBluetooth Technology Versions BLE ApplicationsInfrared Communication Working Types ApplicationsLoRa and LoRaWAN Long Range IoT CommunicationNFC Near Field Communication Working ApplicationsWiFi Technology IEEE 802.11 Complete GuideWiMAX IEEE 802.16 Technology and Comparison with LTEZigbee Low Power Mesh Network IoT Smart HomeWireless Authentication Techniques PSK 802.1X EAP 5G-AKAWireless Security Best Practices Checklist GuidelinesWEP Wired Equivalent Privacy Why it FailedWireless Attacks Types Methods PreventionWireless Security Basics Threats Principles OverviewWPA and WPA2 TKIP AES-CCMP Enterprise SecurityWPA3 SAE Enhanced WiFi Security Forward Secrecy
One-page wireless communication cheatsheet with all important formulas, constants, conversion tables, modulation comparison, generation comparison, dB dBm conversion, and quick reference for exam revision.
Hindi: Exam, interview, ya quick revision ke liye one-page cheatsheet. Saari important formulas, constants, comparisons, aur key facts ek jagah.
š Quick Comparison Tables
Modulation Performance (BER = 10ā»ā¶):
| Scheme | Eb/Nā | bps/Hz |
|---|---|---|
| BPSK/QPSK | 10.5 dB | 1/2 |
| 16-QAM | 14.5 dB | 4 |
| 64-QAM | 18.5 dB | 6 |
| 256-QAM | 24 dB | 8 |
Mobile Generations:
| Gen | Access | Speed | Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1G | FDMA | Analog | 1983 |
| 2G | TDMA | 9.6-236 kbps | 1991 |
| 3G | CDMA | 2-42 Mbps | 2001 |
| 4G | OFDMA | 100M-1G | 2009 |
| 5G | OFDMA+mMIMO | 1-10 Gbps | 2019 |
WiFi Generations:
| Gen | Standard | Speed | Band |
|---|---|---|---|
| WiFi 4 | 802.11n | 600 Mbps | 2.4/5 |
| WiFi 5 | 802.11ac | 3.5 Gbps | 5 |
| WiFi 6 | 802.11ax | 9.6 Gbps | 2.4/5/6 |
| WiFi 7 | 802.11be | 46 Gbps | 2.4/5/6 |
Wireless Security:
| Protocol | Status | Key Feature |
|---|---|---|
| WEP | BROKEN ā | Never use |
| WPA2 | OK ā | AES-CCMP |
| WPA3 | BEST ā | SAE, forward secrecy |
š Key Constants
| Constant | Value |
|---|---|
| Speed of light (c) | 3 Ć 10āø m/s |
| Boltzmann (k) | 1.38 Ć 10ā»Ā²Ā³ J/K |
| Noise floor (290K) | -174 dBm/Hz |
| Earth radius | 6,371 km |
| GEO altitude | 35,786 km |
| Free space impedance | 377 Ī© |
š” Conversion Quick Reference
| dB | Linear | Power Ratio |
|---|---|---|
| 0 dB | 1Ć | Same |
| 3 dB | 2Ć | Double |
| 6 dB | 4Ć | Quadruple |
| 10 dB | 10Ć | Ten times |
| 20 dB | 100Ć | Hundred times |
| 30 dB | 1000Ć | Thousand times |
| dBm | Power |
|---|---|
| 0 dBm | 1 mW |
| 10 dBm | 10 mW |
| 20 dBm | 100 mW |
| 23 dBm | 200 mW (typical phone) |
| 30 dBm | 1 W |
| 43 dBm | 20 W (typical small cell) |
| 46 dBm | 40 W (typical macro BS) |
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Study next in this module
01Interview PreparationModulation Interview Questions ASK FSK PSK QAM OFDMModulation-focused interview questions with answers covering AM FM ASK FSK PSK QPSK QAM OFDM, BER calculations, constellation diagrams, adaptive modulation, and numerical problems for placement preparation.02Interview PreparationWireless Communication Interview Questions Top 50 Q&ATop 50+ wireless communication interview questions with detailed answers covering fundamentals, modulation, propagation, cellular networks, 5G NR, MIMO, OFDMA, and security for placement and GATE preparation.03Interview PreparationCellular Network Interview Questions Planning Handoff 5GCellular network interview questions covering cell planning, frequency reuse, handoff, Erlang capacity, LTE architecture, 5G NR features, VoLTE, resource blocks, and network KPIs for placement preparation.04Advanced TopicsBeamforming Analog Digital Hybrid 5G ImplementationLearn beamforming with analog digital hybrid architectures, beam management sweep select track recover in 5G, beamforming gain formula, phase shifters, and mmWave implementation for engineering students.