C Notes

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Keywords in C Programming

Complete guide to all 32 keywords in C programming — categorized by purpose with explanations, usage examples, and comparison tables.

Every programming language has a set of words with predefined meanings that you cannot use for your own purposes. In C, these are called keywords (also known as reserved words). They form the core vocabulary of the language — the building blocks from which all C programs are constructed.

C has exactly 32 keywords (as defined by the ANSI C89/C90 standard). Each keyword has a specific purpose and cannot be used as a variable name, function name, or any other identifier.

Complete List of 32 C Keywords

Here is the full list of keywords in C, grouped by their function:

Category	Keywords
Data Types	`int`, `float`, `double`, `char`, `void`
Type Modifiers	`short`, `long`, `signed`, `unsigned`
Storage Classes	`auto`, `register`, `static`, `extern`
Type Qualifiers	`const`, `volatile`
Control Flow	`if`, `else`, `switch`, `case`, `default`
Loops	`for`, `while`, `do`
Jump Statements	`break`, `continue`, `goto`, `return`
Structure/Union	`struct`, `union`, `enum`, `typedef`
Miscellaneous	`sizeof`

Data Type Keywords

These keywords define what type of data a variable can hold.

`int`

Declares integer variables (whole numbers).

c example

int age = 25;
int count = -10;

`float`

Declares single-precision floating-point numbers (6-7 decimal digits of precision).

c example

float temperature = 36.6;
float price = 9.99;

`double`

Declares double-precision floating-point numbers (15-16 decimal digits of precision).

c example

double pi = 3.14159265358979;
double distance = 1.496e11;  // scientific notation

`char`

Declares character variables (single byte, stores one character or small integer).

c example

char letter = 'A';
char digit = '7';

`void`

Indicates "no type" or "no value." Used for functions that don't return anything and for generic pointers.

c example

void printMessage() {
    printf("Hello!\n");
}

void *genericPointer;  // can point to any type

Type Modifier Keywords

These modify the range or size of basic data types.

`short` and `long`

c example

short int smallNumber = 32000;     // at least 16 bits
long int bigNumber = 2000000000;   // at least 32 bits
long long int huge = 9000000000LL; // at least 64 bits

`signed` and `unsigned`

c example

signed int negative = -50;     // can hold negative values (default)
unsigned int positive = 50000; // only non-negative values (0 and above)
unsigned char byte = 255;      // range: 0 to 255

Size Comparison Table

Type	Size (typical)	Range
`short int`	2 bytes	-32,768 to 32,767
`int`	4 bytes	-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
`long int`	4-8 bytes	At least ±2 billion
`unsigned int`	4 bytes	0 to 4,294,967,295
`float`	4 bytes	±3.4 × 10^38 (6 digits)
`double`	8 bytes	±1.7 × 10^308 (15 digits)

Storage Class Keywords

Storage class keywords determine where a variable is stored, its scope, visibility, and lifetime.

`auto`

The default storage class for local variables. Rarely written explicitly since all local variables are auto by default.

c example

void func() {
    auto int x = 10;  // same as: int x = 10;
    printf("%d\n", x);
}

`register`

Requests the compiler to store the variable in a CPU register for faster access. The compiler may ignore this hint.

Example

void fastLoop() { register int i; for (i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) { // fast loop counter } }

You cannot take the address (&) of a register variable.

`static`

Makes a local variable retain its value between function calls. For global variables, static restricts visibility to the current file.

Example

#include <stdio.h> void counter() { static int count = 0; // preserved across calls count++; printf("Called %d times\n", count); } int main() { counter(); // Called 1 times counter(); // Called 2 times counter(); // Called 3 times return 0; }

Output

Called 1 times
Called 2 times
Called 3 times

`extern`

Declares a variable or function that is defined in another file or later in the same file.

c example

// In file1.c
int globalCount = 0;

// In file2.c
extern int globalCount;  // uses the variable from file1.c

Type Qualifier Keywords

`const`

Declares a variable whose value cannot be modified after initialization.

c example

const int MAX = 100;
// MAX = 200;  // ERROR: cannot modify const variable

`volatile`

Tells the compiler that a variable's value can be changed unexpectedly (by hardware, interrupt, or another thread). The compiler won't optimize away reads of this variable.

c example

volatile int sensorReading;  // might change outside program control

// Used in embedded systems:
volatile int *statusRegister = (volatile int *)0x40001000;

Control Flow Keywords

`if`, `else`

Conditional branching — execute code based on conditions.

c example

int score = 85;

if (score >= 90) {
    printf("Grade A\n");
} else if (score >= 80) {
    printf("Grade B\n");
} else {
    printf("Grade C\n");
}

`switch`, `case`, `default`

Multi-way branching based on integer/character values.

Example

#include <stdio.h> int main() { char grade = 'B'; switch (grade) { case 'A': printf("Excellent!\n"); break; case 'B': printf("Good job!\n"); break; case 'C': printf("Satisfactory\n"); break; default: printf("Invalid grade\n"); } return 0; }

Output

Good job!

Loop Keywords

`for`

Used when the number of iterations is known in advance.

Example

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) { printf("%d ", i); } // Output: 1 2 3 4 5

`while`

Used when the loop condition is checked before each iteration.

c example

int n = 5;
while (n > 0) {
    printf("%d ", n);
    n--;
}
// Output: 5 4 3 2 1

`do`

Used with while for a do-while loop — executes at least once.

c example

int num;
do {
    printf("Enter positive number: ");
    scanf("%d", &num);
} while (num <= 0);

Jump Statement Keywords

`break`

Exits the nearest enclosing loop or switch statement immediately.

Example

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { if (i == 5) break; printf("%d ", i); } // Output: 0 1 2 3 4

`continue`

Skips the rest of the current iteration and moves to the next.

Example

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { if (i % 2 == 0) continue; // skip even numbers printf("%d ", i); } // Output: 1 3 5 7 9

`goto`

Transfers control to a labeled statement. Generally discouraged but useful for error handling in system-level code.

Example

#include <stdio.h> int main() { int i = 0; loop: if (i >= 5) goto end; printf("%d ", i); i++; goto loop; end: printf("\nDone!\n"); return 0; }

Output

0 1 2 3 4
Done!

`return`

Exits a function and optionally returns a value to the caller.

c example

int add(int a, int b) {
    return a + b;  // returns the sum
}

Structure and Union Keywords

`struct`

Groups related variables of different types under one name.

Example

struct Student { char name[50]; int age; float gpa; }; struct Student s1 = {"Alice", 20, 3.8};

`union`

Similar to struct but all members share the same memory location. Only one member can hold a value at a time.

c example

union Data {
    int i;
    float f;
    char c;
};  // Size = max(sizeof members)

`enum`

Defines a set of named integer constants.

c example

enum Color { RED, GREEN, BLUE };
enum Color favorite = GREEN;  // favorite = 1

`typedef`

Creates an alias (new name) for an existing type.

c example

typedef unsigned long int ulong;
typedef struct Student Student;

ulong population = 1400000000;

The `sizeof` Keyword

sizeof is a compile-time operator that returns the size (in bytes) of a type or variable.

Example

#include <stdio.h> int main() { printf("int: %lu bytes\n", sizeof(int)); printf("float: %lu bytes\n", sizeof(float)); printf("double: %lu bytes\n", sizeof(double)); printf("char: %lu bytes\n", sizeof(char)); int arr[10]; printf("Array of 10 ints: %lu bytes\n", sizeof(arr)); return 0; }

Output

int: 4 bytes
float: 4 bytes
double: 8 bytes
char: 1 bytes
Array of 10 ints: 40 bytes

Keywords Added in C99 and C11

While the original C89 standard has 32 keywords, newer standards added a few more:

Standard	New Keywords
C99	`_Bool`, `_Complex`, `_Imaginary`, `inline`, `restrict`
C11	`_Alignas`, `_Alignof`, `_Atomic`, `_Generic`, `_Noreturn`, `_Static_assert`, `_Thread_local`

These are less commonly tested in exams but important for professional C development.

Interview Questions on C Keywords

Q1: How many keywords are there in C?

The ANSI C89/C90 standard defines 32 keywords. C99 added 5 more, and C11 added 7 more. In exams and interviews, the answer is typically 32 (referring to the original standard).

Q2: Can keywords be used as variable names?

No. Keywords are reserved by the language and cannot be used as identifiers (variable names, function names, etc.). Attempting to do so will cause a compilation error.

Q3: What is the difference between break and continue?

break terminates the entire loop and transfers control to the statement after the loop. continue only skips the current iteration and moves to the next iteration of the loop.

Q4: What is the purpose of the volatile keyword?

volatile tells the compiler that a variable may change unexpectedly (outside the program's control — such as by hardware or another thread). The compiler will not optimize away reads of that variable, ensuring the program always gets the current value from memory.

Q5: What is the difference between struct and union?

In a struct, each member has its own memory location, so the total size is the sum of all members (plus padding). In a union, all members share the same memory, so the size equals the largest member. Only one union member can hold a valid value at any time.

Summary

C has 32 keywords in the ANSI C89 standard — all lowercase and reserved.
Keywords are categorized into data types, modifiers, storage classes, qualifiers, control flow, loops, jump statements, and user-defined types.
You cannot use keywords as variable names or identifiers.
Understanding each keyword's purpose is essential for writing correct C programs.
Newer C standards (C99, C11) introduced additional keywords for modern programming needs.
The sizeof operator (technically a keyword) returns the byte size of types and variables at compile time.

Exam Focus

Revise definitions, diagrams, examples, and short-answer points for Keywords in C Programming.

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BasicsComments in C ProgrammingLearn about comments in C — single-line comments, multi-line comments, best practices, nested comments, and when to use comments effectively in your code.BasicsC Syntax Rules — Complete GuideLearn the fundamental syntax rules of C programming — statements, expressions, semicolons, code blocks, whitespace handling, and common syntax errors explained with examples.BasicsConstants in C ProgrammingLearn about constants in C programming — const keyword, #define macro, enum constants, and literal constants with practical examples and best practices.BasicsData Types in CComplete guide to C data types — primary types (int, char, float, double), derived types (arrays, pointers, structures), type modifiers (short, long, signed, unsigned), sizeof operator, type conversion, and memory representation with examples.BasicsIdentifiers in C ProgrammingComplete guide to identifiers in C — naming rules, conventions, valid and invalid examples, and the difference between identifiers and keywords.BasicsStructure of a C ProgramComplete explanation of C program structure — documentation section, preprocessor directives, global declarations, main function, user-defined functions, and how each section works together with practical examples.

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C Notes

Keywords in C Programming

Complete guide to all 32 keywords in C programming — categorized by purpose with explanations, usage examples, and comparison tables.

C has exactly 32 keywords (as defined by the ANSI C89/C90 standard). Each keyword has a specific purpose and cannot be used as a variable name, function name, or any other identifier.

Complete List of 32 C Keywords

Here is the full list of keywords in C, grouped by their function:

Category	Keywords
Data Types	`int`, `float`, `double`, `char`, `void`
Type Modifiers	`short`, `long`, `signed`, `unsigned`
Storage Classes	`auto`, `register`, `static`, `extern`
Type Qualifiers	`const`, `volatile`
Control Flow	`if`, `else`, `switch`, `case`, `default`
Loops	`for`, `while`, `do`
Jump Statements	`break`, `continue`, `goto`, `return`
Structure/Union	`struct`, `union`, `enum`, `typedef`
Miscellaneous	`sizeof`

Data Type Keywords

These keywords define what type of data a variable can hold.

`int`

Declares integer variables (whole numbers).

c example

int age = 25;
int count = -10;

`float`

Declares single-precision floating-point numbers (6-7 decimal digits of precision).

c example

float temperature = 36.6;
float price = 9.99;

`double`

Declares double-precision floating-point numbers (15-16 decimal digits of precision).

c example

double pi = 3.14159265358979;
double distance = 1.496e11;  // scientific notation

`char`

Declares character variables (single byte, stores one character or small integer).

c example

char letter = 'A';
char digit = '7';

`void`

Indicates "no type" or "no value." Used for functions that don't return anything and for generic pointers.

c example

void printMessage() {
    printf("Hello!\n");
}

void *genericPointer;  // can point to any type

Type Modifier Keywords

These modify the range or size of basic data types.

`short` and `long`

c example

short int smallNumber = 32000;     // at least 16 bits
long int bigNumber = 2000000000;   // at least 32 bits
long long int huge = 9000000000LL; // at least 64 bits

`signed` and `unsigned`

c example

signed int negative = -50;     // can hold negative values (default)
unsigned int positive = 50000; // only non-negative values (0 and above)
unsigned char byte = 255;      // range: 0 to 255

Size Comparison Table

Type	Size (typical)	Range
`short int`	2 bytes	-32,768 to 32,767
`int`	4 bytes	-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
`long int`	4-8 bytes	At least ±2 billion
`unsigned int`	4 bytes	0 to 4,294,967,295
`float`	4 bytes	±3.4 × 10^38 (6 digits)
`double`	8 bytes	±1.7 × 10^308 (15 digits)

Storage Class Keywords

Storage class keywords determine where a variable is stored, its scope, visibility, and lifetime.

`auto`

The default storage class for local variables. Rarely written explicitly since all local variables are auto by default.

c example

void func() {
    auto int x = 10;  // same as: int x = 10;
    printf("%d\n", x);
}

`register`

Requests the compiler to store the variable in a CPU register for faster access. The compiler may ignore this hint.

Example

void fastLoop() { register int i; for (i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) { // fast loop counter } }

You cannot take the address (&) of a register variable.

`static`

Makes a local variable retain its value between function calls. For global variables, static restricts visibility to the current file.

Example

Output

Called 1 times
Called 2 times
Called 3 times

`extern`

Declares a variable or function that is defined in another file or later in the same file.

c example

// In file1.c
int globalCount = 0;

// In file2.c
extern int globalCount;  // uses the variable from file1.c

Type Qualifier Keywords

`const`

Declares a variable whose value cannot be modified after initialization.

c example

const int MAX = 100;
// MAX = 200;  // ERROR: cannot modify const variable

`volatile`

Tells the compiler that a variable's value can be changed unexpectedly (by hardware, interrupt, or another thread). The compiler won't optimize away reads of this variable.

c example

volatile int sensorReading;  // might change outside program control

// Used in embedded systems:
volatile int *statusRegister = (volatile int *)0x40001000;

Control Flow Keywords

`if`, `else`

Conditional branching — execute code based on conditions.

c example

int score = 85;

if (score >= 90) {
    printf("Grade A\n");
} else if (score >= 80) {
    printf("Grade B\n");
} else {
    printf("Grade C\n");
}

`switch`, `case`, `default`

Multi-way branching based on integer/character values.

Example

Output

Good job!

Loop Keywords

`for`

Used when the number of iterations is known in advance.

Example

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) { printf("%d ", i); } // Output: 1 2 3 4 5

`while`

Used when the loop condition is checked before each iteration.

c example

int n = 5;
while (n > 0) {
    printf("%d ", n);
    n--;
}
// Output: 5 4 3 2 1

`do`

Used with while for a do-while loop — executes at least once.

c example

int num;
do {
    printf("Enter positive number: ");
    scanf("%d", &num);
} while (num <= 0);

Jump Statement Keywords

`break`

Exits the nearest enclosing loop or switch statement immediately.

Example

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { if (i == 5) break; printf("%d ", i); } // Output: 0 1 2 3 4

`continue`

Skips the rest of the current iteration and moves to the next.

Example

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { if (i % 2 == 0) continue; // skip even numbers printf("%d ", i); } // Output: 1 3 5 7 9

`goto`

Transfers control to a labeled statement. Generally discouraged but useful for error handling in system-level code.

Example

#include <stdio.h> int main() { int i = 0; loop: if (i >= 5) goto end; printf("%d ", i); i++; goto loop; end: printf("\nDone!\n"); return 0; }

Output

0 1 2 3 4
Done!

`return`

Exits a function and optionally returns a value to the caller.

c example

int add(int a, int b) {
    return a + b;  // returns the sum
}

Structure and Union Keywords

`struct`

Groups related variables of different types under one name.

Example

struct Student { char name[50]; int age; float gpa; }; struct Student s1 = {"Alice", 20, 3.8};

`union`

Similar to struct but all members share the same memory location. Only one member can hold a value at a time.

c example

union Data {
    int i;
    float f;
    char c;
};  // Size = max(sizeof members)

`enum`

Defines a set of named integer constants.

c example

enum Color { RED, GREEN, BLUE };
enum Color favorite = GREEN;  // favorite = 1

`typedef`

Creates an alias (new name) for an existing type.

c example

typedef unsigned long int ulong;
typedef struct Student Student;

ulong population = 1400000000;

The `sizeof` Keyword

sizeof is a compile-time operator that returns the size (in bytes) of a type or variable.

Example

Output

int: 4 bytes
float: 4 bytes
double: 8 bytes
char: 1 bytes
Array of 10 ints: 40 bytes

Keywords Added in C99 and C11

While the original C89 standard has 32 keywords, newer standards added a few more:

Standard	New Keywords
C99	`_Bool`, `_Complex`, `_Imaginary`, `inline`, `restrict`
C11	`_Alignas`, `_Alignof`, `_Atomic`, `_Generic`, `_Noreturn`, `_Static_assert`, `_Thread_local`

These are less commonly tested in exams but important for professional C development.

Interview Questions on C Keywords

Q1: How many keywords are there in C?

The ANSI C89/C90 standard defines 32 keywords. C99 added 5 more, and C11 added 7 more. In exams and interviews, the answer is typically 32 (referring to the original standard).

Q2: Can keywords be used as variable names?

No. Keywords are reserved by the language and cannot be used as identifiers (variable names, function names, etc.). Attempting to do so will cause a compilation error.

Q3: What is the difference between break and continue?

break terminates the entire loop and transfers control to the statement after the loop. continue only skips the current iteration and moves to the next iteration of the loop.

Q4: What is the purpose of the volatile keyword?

Q5: What is the difference between struct and union?

Summary

C has 32 keywords in the ANSI C89 standard — all lowercase and reserved.
Keywords are categorized into data types, modifiers, storage classes, qualifiers, control flow, loops, jump statements, and user-defined types.
You cannot use keywords as variable names or identifiers.
Understanding each keyword's purpose is essential for writing correct C programs.
Newer C standards (C99, C11) introduced additional keywords for modern programming needs.
The sizeof operator (technically a keyword) returns the byte size of types and variables at compile time.

Exam Focus

Revise definitions, diagrams, examples, and short-answer points for Keywords in C Programming.

Interview Use

Prepare one clear explanation, one practical example, and one common mistake for this C Programming topic.

Search Terms

c-programming, c programming, programming, basics, keywords, keywords in c programming

Continue learning this concept

PreviousIdentifiers in C Programming NextStructure of a C Program

Complete List of 32 C Keywords

Data Type Keywords

int

float

double

char

void

Type Modifier Keywords

short and long

signed and unsigned

Size Comparison Table

Storage Class Keywords

auto

register

static

extern

Type Qualifier Keywords

const

volatile

Control Flow Keywords

if, else

switch, case, default

Loop Keywords

for

while

do

Jump Statement Keywords

break

continue

goto

return

Structure and Union Keywords

struct

union

enum

typedef

The sizeof Keyword

Keywords Added in C99 and C11

Interview Questions on C Keywords

Summary

Continue learning this concept

Complete List of 32 C Keywords

Data Type Keywords

int

float

double

char

void

Type Modifier Keywords

short and long

signed and unsigned

Size Comparison Table

Storage Class Keywords

auto

register

static

extern

Type Qualifier Keywords

const

volatile

Control Flow Keywords

if, else

switch, case, default

Loop Keywords

for

while

do

Jump Statement Keywords

break

continue

goto

return

Structure and Union Keywords

struct

union

enum

typedef

The sizeof Keyword

Keywords Added in C99 and C11

Interview Questions on C Keywords

`int`

`float`

`double`

`char`

`void`

`short` and `long`

`signed` and `unsigned`

`auto`

`register`

`static`

`extern`

`const`

`volatile`

`if`, `else`

`switch`, `case`, `default`

`for`

`while`

`do`

`break`

`continue`

`goto`

`return`

`struct`

`union`

`enum`

`typedef`

The `sizeof` Keyword

`int`

`float`

`double`

`char`

`void`

`short` and `long`

`signed` and `unsigned`

`auto`

`register`

`static`

`extern`

`const`

`volatile`

`if`, `else`

`switch`, `case`, `default`

`for`

`while`

`do`

`break`

`continue`

`goto`

`return`

`struct`

`union`

`enum`

`typedef`

The `sizeof` Keyword