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CAUSES OF FRENCH REVOLUTION:
SOCIAL: ECONOMIC: POLITICAL:
3 Estates System State bankruptcy Weak Louis XVI
───────────── ───────────── ──────────────
1st Estate: Clergy Wars with Britain Influenced by
(0.5% population) American Revolution wife Marie
No taxes paid Extravagant court Antoinette
2nd Estate: Nobility Food crisis: bread Enlightenment
(1.5% population) prices rose 88% ideas spread:
No taxes paid in 1788-89 Rousseau,
Voltaire,
3rd Estate: 98% Tax burden on Locke
Bourgeoisie (middle) 3rd estate only
Peasants (farmers)
Workers (town)
→ ALL paid taxes!
1789:
May → Estates-General convened
June → Third Estate breaks away → National Assembly
July 14 → BASTILLE STORMED (symbolic start of revolution)
Aug → Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
Oct → Women march to Versailles, king brought to Paris
1791: Constitutional Monarchy established
1793-94: REIGN OF TERROR (Robespierre)
Guillotine executes 16,000+ including King Louis XVI
Committee of Public Safety controls France
1799: Napoleon Bonaparte takes power (coup d'état)
IMPACTS:
✓ End of absolute monarchy
✓ Ideas of Liberty, Equality, Fraternity spread to Europe
✓ Rise of nationalism
✓ Abolition of serfdom/feudalism
✓ Inspired future revolutions worldwide
RISE OF HITLER — KEY FACTORS:
German Humiliation (1919):
Treaty of Versailles:
├── War guilt clause (blame for WWI)
├── Heavy reparations (₹6.6 billion)
├── Lost territories (Alsace-Lorraine, colonies)
└── Military limited to 100,000 soldiers
Economic Depression (1929-33):
├── 6 million unemployed in Germany
├── Hyperinflation (wheelbarrow of money for bread)
└── Middle class savings wiped out
Hitler's Rise:
1921: Becomes leader of Nazi Party
1933: Appointed Chancellor (PM) of Germany
1934: Becomes Führer (supreme leader) after Hindenburg dies
NAZI IDEOLOGY:
● Pure Aryan race = superior
● Jews, Roma, disabled = inferior (to be eliminated)
● German nationalism/expansion (Lebensraum)
● Anti-communism, anti-democracy
HOLOCAUST:
6 million Jews systematically murdered in concentration camps
Also targeted: Roma, disabled, homosexuals, political opponents
INDIA'S PHYSICAL REGIONS:
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ 1. THE HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS (North) │
│ Three parallel ranges: │
│ ● Himadri (Greater Himalayas): highest │
│ Mt. Everest (8,849m), K2, Kangchenjunga│
│ ● Himachal (Lesser Himalayas): 3500-4500m│
│ ● Shiwaliks (Outer Himalayas): 900-1100m │
│ │
│ 2. NORTHERN PLAINS (Indo-Gangetic Plain) │
│ Formed by: Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra │
│ Fertile alluvial soil, densely populated │
│ Punjab → UP → Bihar → West Bengal │
│ │
│ 3. PENINSULAR PLATEAU (Deccan) │
│ Old, hard, crystalline rocks │
│ Western Ghats | Eastern Ghats │
│ Black soil (cotton), mineral rich │
│ │
│ 4. COASTAL PLAINS │
│ Eastern (wider): Coromandel coast │
│ Western (narrow): Konkan + Malabar coast │
│ │
│ 5. ISLANDS │
│ Andaman & Nicobar (Bay of Bengal) │
│ Lakshadweep (Arabian Sea, coral islands) │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────┘
WHY A CONSTITUTION?
→ Sets fundamental rules for governance
→ Protects citizens' rights
→ Distributes power (prevents dictatorship)
→ Defines relationship between govt and citizens
CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY:
Elected Dec 1946, met for 2 years 11 months 18 days
299 members, 11 sessions
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar = Chairman of Drafting Committee
Dr. Rajendra Prasad = President of Assembly
KEY FEATURES of Indian Constitution:
● Longest written constitution in world (395 articles)
● Fundamental Rights (Part III, Articles 12-35)
● Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV)
● Fundamental Duties (Part IVA, Article 51A)
● Secular: no state religion
● Federal with strong center
PREAMBLE (Opening statement):
"WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute
India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and
to secure to all its citizens:
JUSTICE...LIBERTY...EQUALITY...FRATERNITY"
Adopted: November 26, 1949
Came into force: January 26, 1950 (Republic Day)
INDIA'S ELECTION SYSTEM:
UNIVERSAL ADULT FRANCHISE:
Every citizen aged 18+ can vote
Regardless of religion, caste, gender, income
ELECTION COMMISSION:
Independent constitutional body
Conducts free and fair elections
Chief Election Commissioner: appointed by President
FIRST PAST THE POST (FPTP):
Candidate with most votes wins
Even if less than 50% of total votes
Example:
Candidate A: 40,000 votes ← WINNER
Candidate B: 35,000 votes
Candidate C: 25,000 votes
Total: 1,00,000 votes
A wins with just 40% of votes
ELECTION CODE OF CONDUCT:
● No use of govt resources for campaign
● No appealing to religion/caste for votes
● Parties must declare candidates' criminal records
FACTORS OF PRODUCTION:
LAND: Fixed resource (cannot increase supply)
Used for farming, construction
LABOUR: Farm labour (most workers)
Fixed wages, no bargaining power
CAPITAL: Physical capital: tools, machines, buildings
Working capital: seeds, fertilizer, money
ENTERPRISE: Organizing other 3 factors for production
FARMING IN PALAMPUR:
Multiple Cropping: Grow 2-3 crops per year on same land
Rainy season: Jowar, Bajra
Winter: Wheat
Summer (irrigated): Potato
Green Revolution: High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds
↑ Production ↑ Irrigation needed ↑ Fertilizer needed
TYPES OF FARMERS:
Small farmer: < 2 hectares, hire out as labour too
Medium farmer: 2-10 hectares
Large farmer: > 10 hectares, employ others
History:
Geography:
Civics:
Economics:
Class 9 Social Science complete notes — French Revolution, Russian Revolution, India's physical features, climate, drain of wealth, nazism, forest society, electoral politics, constitutional design with diagrams.
54 pages · 2.0 MB · Updated 2026-03-11
1. Financial crisis: France was bankrupt due to wars and royal extravagance. 2. Social inequality: Three estates — Clergy (1st), Nobility (2nd) paid no taxes; Third Estate (97% of population) paid all taxes. 3. Enlightenment ideas: Liberty, equality, democracy inspired revolt. 4. Food shortage: Poor harvests caused bread prices to rise, causing starvation.
A constitutional government is one where the constitution is the supreme law. All government actions must follow the constitution. It limits the power of government, protects citizens' rights, and establishes the structure of government. India's Constitution came into effect on January 26, 1950.
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