Social Science Notes — Class 7 (History, Geography, Civics)

Social Science Class 7 — Overview

Teen Vishay (Three Subjects):

1. Hamare Ateet (Our Pasts) — History: Medieval India
2. Hamara Paryavaran (Our Environment) — Geography
3. Samajik Evam Rajnitik Jeevan (Social & Political Life) — Civics

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HISTORY — Hamare Ateet

Chapter 1: Hazaar Varshon Mein Bharat

1000 CE – 1750 CE — Medieval Period

New Terms:

• Prashasti — Document praising king's achievements
• Naib — Deputy/representative
• Umara — Nobles in Mughal court
• Mansab — Rank in Mughal system

Rajya kya the is kaal mein:

• Large kingdoms: Rashtrakutas, Pratiharas, Palas
• Small kingdoms: Rajputs, Cholas, Chalukyas

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Chapter 2: Naye Raja aur Unke Rajya

Rajput Kingdoms (700–1200 CE):

• Chahamanas (Prithviraj Chauhan) — Delhi-Ajmer
• Chandellas — Khajuraho
• Chalukyas — Gujarat
• Paramaras — Malwa

Delhi Sultanate Sthapna:

• 1192 CE: Tarain ki doosri ladai — Prithviraj Chauhan haara, Mohammad Ghori jeeta
• 1206: Qutbuddin Aibak — pehla sultan, Delhi Sultanate ki shuruaat
• Qutb Minar ki neenv rakhi

Pehle Sultan: | Sultan | Period | Khas Kaam | |--------|--------|-----------| | Qutbuddin Aibak | 1206–1210 | Sultanate ki shuruaat | | Iltutmish | 1211–1236 | Sultanate majboot ki, Qutb Minar poora banwaya | | Razia Sultana | 1236–1240 | Pehli mahila sultan | | Alauddin Khalji | 1296–1316 | Market reforms, Mongol attacks rokay | | Muhammad Tughluq | 1324–1351 | Capital Daulatabad shift karna (nakaami) |

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Chapter 3: Delhi Sultanate ka Vistar

Alauddin Khalji ki Market Reforms:

• Teen bazaar — anaj, kapda, jaanwar
• Strict price control
• Intelligence agents

Ibn Battuta: Morroccan yatri jo Delhi Sultanate mein aaya, usne "Rihla" mein sab likha.

Vijayanagara Rajya:

• 1336 CE mein sthaapit — Harihara aur Bukka ne
• Hampi — capital (UNESCO World Heritage)
• Krishna Deva Raya — sabse mahan raja (1509–1529)

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Chapter 4: Mughal Rajvansh

Babur:

• 1526: Panipat ki Pehli Ladai — Ibrahim Lodi ko haraaya
• Mughal Samrajya ki neenv

Akbar (1556–1605) — Sabse Mahan Mughal:

• Din-i-Ilahi — naya dharm banaya (sabka prem ek saath)
• Navratna — 9 vidwan darbaar mein (Tansen, Birbal, Todar Mal, Abu'l Fazl...)
• Rajput se vivaah — Hindu-Muslim ekta
• Mansabdari system — army administration
• Ain-i-Akbari aur Akbarnama — Abu'l Fazl ne likhi

Aurangzeb (1658–1707):

• Jizya tax wapas laaya (non-Muslims pe)
• Temple destruction — Kashi Vishwanath, Mathura
• Deccan campaigns — aakhir mein empire kamzor pada

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Chapter 5: Bhakti-Sufi Parampara

Bhakti Movement:

• Ek Ishwar mein vishwas, dhong nahi, bhakti hi mukti
• Jati bhed ka virodh

| Sant | Kaal | Khas Baat | |------|------|-----------| | Ramananda | 14th C | North India Bhakti | | Kabir Das | 1440–1518 | Hindu-Muslim doosuri ekta, dohe | | Mirabai | 1498–1547 | Krishna bhakti, pad/bhajans | | Tukaram | 1598–1650 | Maharashtra, abhangas | | Guru Nanak | 1469–1539 | Sikhism ke founder |

Kabir ka Doha:

"Kankar patthar jod ke, Masjid liyee chunaay, Ta chadh Mulla baang de, Kya bahra hua Khudaay."

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GEOGRAPHY — Hamara Paryavaran

Chapter 1: Paryavaran

Paryavaran (Environment) = Hamare aas-paas ki har cheez — hawa, paani, mitti, paudhey, jaanwar, manushya.

Components:

• Prakriti (Natural): hawa, paani, mitti, paudhey, jaanwar
• Manav Nirmit (Human-made): ghar, sadak, factory
• Maanav (Human): log, unki sanskriti

Jeevan Ke Teen Domain:

1. Lithosphere — solid land (rocks, mountains)
2. Hydrosphere — water (oceans, rivers, lakes)
3. Atmosphere — air (gases around Earth)
4. Biosphere — zone of life (where life exists)

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Chapter 2: Hamara Paryavaran — Vayu (Air/Atmosphere)

Vayumandal ki Paratein (Atmospheric Layers):

| Parat | Height | Khas Baat | |-------|--------|-----------| | Troposphere | 0–12 km | Weather yahan hoti hai, hum yahan | | Stratosphere | 12–50 km | Ozone layer, jets fly here | | Mesosphere | 50–80 km | Meteorites yahan jalte hain | | Thermosphere | 80–400 km | Satellites yahan | | Exosphere | 400+ km | Space se lagti hai |

Vayumandal ki Ghasiyan (Atmospheric Gases):

Nitrogen   — 78.09%
Oxygen     — 20.95%
Argon      — 0.93%
CO₂        — 0.04%
Other gases — trace amounts

Taapman (Temperature):

• Latitude badhne se temperature ghatta hai
• Altitude badhne se temperature ghatta hai (6.5°C/1000m)
• Samudra ke paas temperature moderate rehta hai

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Chapter 3: Jal (Water)

Jal Chakra (Water Cycle):

Evaporation (oceans) → Condensation (clouds form)
→ Precipitation (rain/snow) → Collection (rivers, lakes)
→ Runoff → back to oceans → Evaporation again

Samudra ka Jal:

• 97.5% — salt water (ocean)
• 2.5% — fresh water
  • 69% fresh water — glaciers/ice
  • 30% — groundwater
  • 1% — rivers, lakes, accessible

Tides (Jwaar-Bhaata):

• High Tide — moon ki gravitational pull se paani utha
• Low Tide — opposite side
• Spring Tides — moon + sun alignment — bahut unchi lahar
• Neap Tides — moon + sun at 90° — chhoti lahar

Mahasagar Dhaarayen (Ocean Currents):

• Warm currents — equator se poles ki taraf
• Cold currents — poles se equator ki taraf
• Gulf Stream — North Atlantic, Europe ko garm rakhti hai

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Chapter 4: Prakritik Vanaspati aur Vanya Prani

Biomes (World's Major Vegetation):

| Vegetation | Location | Climate | Animals | |-----------|----------|---------|---------| | Tropical Rainforest | Equator ±10° | Hot, wet | Toucan, Monkey, Jaguar | | Tropical Deciduous | 10°–25° | Seasonal rain | Tiger, Deer, Elephant | | Temperate | 25°–65° | Moderate | Fox, Bear, Rabbit | | Coniferous (Taiga) | 50°–70° N | Cold, snowy | Wolf, Elk, Owl | | Tundra | 70°+ N | Very cold | Polar bear, Arctic fox | | Desert | Near Tropics | Dry | Camel, Lizard |

India mein Vanya Jeev:

• Project Tiger (1973) — Tiger Conservation
• Project Elephant (1992)
• National Parks: Corbett, Kaziranga, Ranthambore
• Kaziranga — one-horned rhinoceros

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CIVICS — Samajik Evam Rajnitik Jeevan

Chapter 1: Samanta ke liye Sangharsh

Samanta (Equality) kya hai:

• Sabko equal rights
• Kisi ke saath bhedbhav nahi

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar:

• Dalit ne pani lane ki ladai — Mahad Satyagrah (1927)
• Constitution ke mukhya nirmata
• Jal, jungle, zameen — adivasi adhikar

Tawa Matsya Sangh — Madhya Pradesh:

• Adivasi machhuaaron ne sangathan banaya — apna adhikar maanga
• 2001 mein court ne unke pक्ष mein decision diya

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Chapter 2: Rajya Sarkar (State Government)

Rajya ka Shashan:

Governor (Rajyapal) — President ki taraf se appointed
    ↓
Chief Minister (Mukhyamantri) — elected by MLAs
    ↓
Council of Ministers (Mantriparishad)
    ↓
MLAs (Vidhayak) — elected by people
    ↓
Voters (Matdaata)

Vidhan Sabha:

• State legislature
• MLAs (Members of Legislative Assembly)
• Election every 5 years
• Simple majority → government

Rajya Sabha vs Lok Sabha at National level: Same concept — but state level = Vidhan Sabha (lower) + Vidhan Parishad (upper, in some states)

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Chapter 3: Madhyam (Media)

Media kya hai: TV, radio, newspaper, internet — log inse information paate hain.

Local Media ka Role:

• Sarkar ki galtiyan highlight karna
• Janata ko jagruk karna
• Dalits, women, minorities ki awaaz banna

Responsible Media:

• Sachchi khabar dena
• Dono pakshon ki baat sunna
• Ikta nahi karna

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Map Skills — Important for Exam

Physical Features to Know:

• Himalayan Mountains (North)
• Deccan Plateau (South India)
• Indo-Gangetic Plain (North India)
• Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats

Rivers to Remember:

• North: Ganga, Yamuna, Brahmaputra
• Peninsula: Krishna, Godavari, Kaveri, Mahanadi

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Exam Important Questions

History:

1. Delhi Sultanate ki sthapna kab aur kisne ki?
2. Akbar ke Navratna ke naam likhein
3. Bhakti Movement ke mukhya santiyon ke naam aur unka kaam
4. Kabir aur Mirabai ki bhakti mein kya samanta hai?

Geography: 5. Vayumandal ki parat bataein unke khasiyon ke saath 6. Jal chakra ka diagram aur explanation 7. Tropical Rainforest aur Coniferous Forest mein fark 8. Ocean currents kaise banate hain aur kya prabhav dalte hain?

Civics: 9. Samanta kya hai? Dr. Ambedkar ka yogdan 10. Rajya sarkar kaise kaam karti hai? Mukhyamantri ki bhoomika

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Yaad Rakhne Wali Dates

| Tarikh | Ghatna | |--------|--------| | 1192 | Tarain ki Doosri Ladai — Prithviraj haara | | 1206 | Delhi Sultanate ki sthapna — Qutbuddin Aibak | | 1526 | Panipat ki Pehli Ladai — Babur ne jita | | 1556 | Panipat ki Doosri Ladai — Akbar ne jita | | 1605 | Akbar ki mrityu | | 1707 | Aurangzeb ki mrityu — Mughal decline |