Social Science Notes — Class 6 (History, Geography, Civics)

Social Science Class 6 — Overview

Teen Kitabein:

1. Hamare Ateet-1 (Our Pasts) — Ancient History
2. Prithvi — Hamara Aavaas (The Earth: Our Habitat) — Geography
3. Samajik evam Rajnitik Jeevan-1 (Social & Political Life) — Civics

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HISTORY — Hamare Ateet-1

Chapter 1: Kya, Kahan, Kab aur Kaise (What, Where, When, How)

Itihas kya hai? Itihas hamare purvajon ke jeene ke tarike, unke kaam, aur unke samaj ki kahani hai.

Sources of History:

Written Sources:     Inscriptions, manuscripts, coins, administrative records
Archaeological:     Pots, tools, buildings, bones, paintings (excavation)
Oral:               Folk tales, songs, stories passed down

Important terms:
Archaeologist: khudaai karke purani cheezein dhundhne wala
Manuscript: haath se likhi kitab (palm leaves ya bhoj patra)
Inscription: pathar/dhatu pe likhai (Ashoka's edicts)

Dates in History:

• BCE (Before Common Era) / BC — Isa Masih se pehle
• CE (Common Era) / AD — Isa Masih ke baad
• 2600 BCE = 2600 saal pehle (zyada purana)

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Chapter 2: Aakhetik (Hunters-Gatherers)

Aadimanav (Early Humans):

• Jis jagah rehna: nadi kinare, jungle (paani, khana paas)
• Khaana: janwar shikaar, phal-patte ikhathe karna
• Auzaar: pathar ke — Paleolithic (purana pashan kaal)

Bhimbetka (Madhya Pradesh):

• Cave paintings — red/white colors
• Janwaron ki takhtian, shikar ke drishya
• 30,000+ saal purani

Neolithic Revolution:

• Farming shuru (10,000 BCE)
• Ek jagah rehne lage (settlement)
• Janwaron ko palna shuru — cattle, sheep, goats
• Pottery banani seekhi

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Chapter 3: Kheti Ki Shuruaat (Early Agriculture)

Mehrgarh (Pakistan, Balochistan):

• Earliest farming evidence in subcontinent (7000 BCE)
• Wheat, barley ugaya
• Cattle, sheep, goat pala
• Baked bricks ka use

Agricultural Revolution ke fayde:

• Zyada khana → zyada log
• Storage possible → stable community
• Specialization — kuch log khet, kuch pottery, kuch tools
• Villages bane

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Chapter 4: Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan Civilization)

| Feature | Details | |---------|---------| | Period | 2600–1900 BCE | | Area | 1.3 million sq km | | Major cities | Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Dholavira, Lothal | | Languages | Undeciphered script |

Town Planning — Planned Cities:

Grid pattern streets — north-south, east-west
Citadel (upper town): public buildings, granary
Lower town: residential area

Drainage system: covered drains, manholes
Great Bath (Mohenjo-daro): religious/ritual cleansing?
Granary: food storage for entire city

Standardized bricks: 1:2:4 ratio everywhere

Trade & Economy:

• Long distance trade — Mesopotamia, Gulf
• Weights aur measures — standardized (uniform throughout)
• Lothal: dockyard for sea trade

Decline (1900 BCE): River changes, floods, drought, or invasion — unclear.

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GEOGRAPHY — Prithvi: Hamara Aavaas

Chapter 1: Prithvi aur Solar Mandal

Solar System: 8 planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

Earth's Features:

• Distance from Sun: 149.6 million km (1 AU)
• Radius: 6371 km
• 71% water, 29% land
• Atmosphere: N₂ 78%, O₂ 21%
• Only planet with known life

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Chapter 2: Globe aur Latitude/Longitude

Latitudes (horizontal lines):
  Equator: 0°
  Tropic of Cancer: 23.5°N (India passes through)
  Tropic of Capricorn: 23.5°S
  Arctic Circle: 66.5°N
  Antarctic Circle: 66.5°S
  North Pole: 90°N, South Pole: 90°S

Longitudes (vertical lines):
  Prime Meridian: 0° (Greenwich, London)
  International Date Line: 180°
  India's standard meridian: 82.5°E (IST = GMT+5:30)

Address example: Delhi = 28.6°N, 77.2°E

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Chapter 3: Prithvi ki Gatiyan (Motions)

Rotation (Daily Motion):

Earth rotates on its axis: West to East
Period: 24 hours
Result: Day and night
Sunrise in East, Sunset in West

Revolution (Annual Motion):

Earth revolves around Sun
Period: 365¼ days (366 days = leap year)
Tilted axis 23.5° → Seasons!

Summer in North: June 21 (Summer Solstice)
Winter in North: December 22 (Winter Solstice)
Equal day-night: March 21, Sept 23 (Equinox)

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Chapter 4: Maps

Types of Maps:

• Physical: mountains, rivers, plains
• Political: countries, states, capitals
• Thematic: rainfall, crops, population

Map Components (BOLDS):

• Border
• Orientation (North arrow)
• Legend/Key
• Distance (Scale)
• Source

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CIVICS — Samajik Evam Rajnitik Jeevan-1

Chapter 1: Vividhata Mein Ekta (Unity in Diversity)

India mein bahut sari languages, religions, foods, festivals:

Languages: 22 scheduled, 1600+ total
Religions: Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, Christian, Buddhist, Jain
Festivals: Diwali, Eid, Christmas, Gurupurab, Buddha Purnima
Food: North (roti), South (rice), East (fish), West (dhokla)

Why Unity important? "Anekta Mein Ekta" — India ki taqat.

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Chapter 2: Sarkar (Government)

Sarkar kyun zaroori hai? Order maintain karna, disputes resolve karna, suvidhaayen dena (schools, hospitals, roads).

Sarkar ke teen star:

1. Kendreya Sarkar (Central/Union) — Delhi
2. Rajya Sarkar (State) — State capital
3. Sthaniya Sarkar (Local) — Gram panchayat/Nagar palika

Panchayati Raj System:

Gram Sabha (all adult voters in village)
    ↓ elects
Gram Panchayat (5-21 members + Sarpanch)
    ↓
Panchayat Samiti (block level)
    ↓
Zila Parishad (district level)

Aam chunaav har 5 saal
33% seats mahilaon ke liye reserved

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Exam Important Questions

History:

1. Harappan civilization ki 5 visheshatayen likhein
2. Adimanav ka jeevan kaise tha? Kya khaate the?
3. Kheti ke aarambh se kya fayde hue?
4. Mehrgarh kaha hai? Kyon important hai?

Geography: 5. Latitude aur Longitude kya hain? Example ke saath explain karo 6. Earth ki dono gatiyaan explain karo — seasons kaise bante hain? 7. Globe aur map mein kya antar hai?

Civics: 8. Panchayati Raj system ke 3 tiers explain karo 9. Sarkar kyun zaroori hai? 3 kaam likhein 10. India mein vividhata ke kya examples hain?

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Important Dates to Remember

| Date | Event | |------|-------| | 7000 BCE | Mehrgarh — earliest farming | | 2600–1900 BCE | Harappan Civilization | | 600 BCE | Mahajanapadas, early cities | | 1992 | 73rd Amendment — Panchayati Raj |