Loading...
Loading...
COLD WAR BLOCS:
USA-LED (WESTERN BLOC): USSR-LED (EASTERN BLOC):
NATO (1949) Warsaw Pact (1955)
USA, UK, France, Canada, USSR, Poland, East Germany,
West Germany, Italy, etc. Czechoslovakia, Hungary, etc.
IDEOLOGY: Capitalism + Democracy IDEOLOGY: Communism + Socialism
ECONOMY: Free market ECONOMY: State-controlled
NUCLEAR ARMS RACE DIAGRAM:
Year → Nuclear warheads
1945: USA = 1, USSR = 0
1950: USA = 300, USSR = 5
1960: USA = 20,000, USSR = 1,600
1970: USA = 26,000, USSR = 11,000
1986 (peak): Both had 30,000+ each!
→ MAD: Mutually Assured Destruction kept peace!
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS (1962):
USSR places missiles in Cuba (90 miles from USA)
JFK blockades Cuba → Khrushchev removes missiles
Closest the world came to nuclear war!
NAM = Countries choosing NEITHER the USA nor USSR bloc
FOUNDING: Bandung Conference (1955, Indonesia)
Leaders: Nehru (India), Nasser (Egypt), Tito (Yugoslavia),
Sukarno (Indonesia), Nkrumah (Ghana)
1st NAM Summit: Belgrade, 1961
NAM Principles (Panchsheel):
1. Mutual non-interference in internal affairs
2. Non-aggression
3. Peaceful coexistence
4. Mutual respect for sovereignty
5. Equality
WHY INDIA CHOSE NAM?
✓ Preserve strategic autonomy
✓ Economic benefits from both sides
✓ Nehru's belief in peace and anti-colonialism
✓ Freedom to support decolonisation movements
THREE MAIN CHALLENGES:
1. UNITY AND INTEGRATION:
562 princely states to integrate
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel → "Iron Man"
Hyderabad: Police action (Operation Polo) 1948
Junagadh, Kashmir: acceded through negotiations/war
2. PARTITION TRAUMA:
British India split into India + Pakistan
~15 million people displaced (largest migration in history)
~1 million killed in communal violence
Radcliffe Line drew the boundary in 6 weeks
3. POVERTY AND DEVELOPMENT:
Per capita income very low
Life expectancy: 32 years
Literacy: ~12%
Need for economic development model
PLANNING COMMISSION (1950):
Nehru established it
5-Year Plans for economic development
Mixed economy model: Public + Private sectors
FIRST FIVE YEAR PLAN (1951-56):
Focus: Agriculture, irrigation (recovery from partition)
Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley dams
SECOND PLAN (1956-61): "Nehru-Mahalanobis Model"
Focus: Heavy industry (steel, coal, dams)
Public Sector expansion
GREEN REVOLUTION (Late 1960s):
HYV seeds + Irrigation + Fertilizers
Punjab, Haryana: wheat revolution
Food production doubled
Downside: Regional inequality, environmental issues
LIBERALISATION (1991):
PM Narasimha Rao + Finance Minister Manmohan Singh
IMF/World Bank loan → conditions for economic reform
LPG: Liberalisation, Privatisation, Globalisation
License Raj abolished
Foreign Investment allowed
ECONOMIC SECTORS:
Primary: Agriculture, Mining, Fishing (35% of employment)
Secondary: Manufacturing, Construction (25%)
Tertiary: Services — IT, Banking, Trade (40%)
GDP GROWTH RATE (India):
1950s-70s: "Hindu rate of growth" ~3.5%
1980s: ~5-6%
1991-2000: Post-reform 6-7%
2000-2010: 8-9% (India shining)
Post COVID recovery: ~7-8%
POVERTY IN INDIA:
MEASURES:
Headcount ratio: % of population below poverty line
Poverty Gap: How far below the line are the poor
POVERTY LINE (India 2022):
Urban: ~₹1,600/month per person
Rural: ~₹1,300/month per person
CAUSES OF POVERTY:
● Low education and skill levels
● Lack of assets (land, capital)
● Caste discrimination and social exclusion
● Unemployment and underemployment
● High healthcare costs (out-of-pocket)
● Vulnerable to climate/floods (farmers)
ANTI-POVERTY PROGRAMMES:
MGNREGA: 100 days guaranteed rural employment
PM-KISAN: ₹6,000/year to small farmers
PDS (Public Distribution System): Subsidized food
PM Awas Yojana: Affordable housing
Ayushman Bharat: Health insurance (₹5 lakh/family)
GLOBALISATION DIAGRAM:
Technology
(Internet,
Transport) ─────────────────────┐
▼
FREE TRADE GLOBAL ECONOMY
(WTO, FTAs) ──────────→ Integration of:
• Trade in goods/services
FOREIGN INVESTMENT ──→ • Capital flows (FDI, FII)
(MNCs, FDI) • Labour migration
• Technology transfer
MIGRATION ─────────→ • Cultural exchange
IMPACTS ON INDIA:
POSITIVE:
✓ IT/BPO sector boom (Infosys, Wipro, TCS)
✓ FDI inflows → jobs, technology
✓ More consumer goods available
✓ Export growth
NEGATIVE:
✗ Small industries hurt by competition (textiles, toy makers)
✗ Cultural homogenisation (McDonald's, American films)
✗ Agricultural sector under pressure
✗ Inequality increased (skilled vs unskilled workers)
WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION (WTO):
Rules for international trade
Reduces trade barriers
Dispute settlement between countries
Controversial: Critics say it favours rich countries
Political Science:
Economics:
Class 12 Social Science complete notes — Cold War, Non-Alignment, Indian politics after 1947, globalisation, planning in India, poverty, liberalisation, democracy, party system with diagrams for CBSE board.
56 pages · 2.0 MB · Updated 2026-03-11
The Cold War (1947-1991) was ideological rivalry between USA (capitalism/democracy) and USSR (communism) without direct military conflict. It didn't turn 'hot' because of: Nuclear deterrence (Mutually Assured Destruction — both sides would be destroyed), Alliances creating balance, Economic interdependence, UN peacekeeping role. Instead, conflict happened through proxy wars (Korea, Vietnam, Afghanistan).
Globalisation is the integration of economies, cultures, and societies worldwide through trade, investment, technology, and migration. Economic globalisation: free trade, MNCs, foreign investment. Cultural: spread of ideas, food, music, fashion. It has benefits (more goods, jobs, investment) and negatives (inequality, cultural homogenisation, local industry damage).
Science Class 9 — Complete Notes NCERT
Science
Science Class 10 — Complete Notes NCERT
Science
Science Class 9 — Complete Notes NCERT
Science
Class 12 Physics — Complete Notes and CBSE PYQs
Class 12 Physics
Class 12 Chemistry — Complete Notes and CBSE PYQs
Class 12 Chemistry
Your feedback helps us improve notes and tutorials.