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BEFORE 1789 AFTER French Revolution (1789)
───────────────────────── ──────────────────────────────
Absolute monarchy Republic government
King = state ("L'état c'est Nation = people, not king
moi" — Louis XIV) Idea of citizenship
Rigid social hierarchy Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
(clergy, nobility, others) National flag (tricolor)
Church had absolute power Secular state
Ideas spread across Europe through:
• Napoleon's armies
• Trade and communication
• Shared culture and language
1848: Revolutions across Europe (Spring of Nations)
Failures — conservatives regain power
1866: Austro-Prussian War
Prussia defeats Austria
1870-71: Franco-Prussian War
Prussia defeats France
King of Prussia = Kaiser (Emperor) of Germany
BISMARCK's method: "Blood and Iron"
• Diplomatic alliances
• Military strength
• Economic development
Result:
Germany unified under Prussian leadership in 1871
(Previously 39 independent states)
1905: Partition of Bengal → Swadeshi Movement begins
Bengal split into Hindu-majority West and Muslim-majority East
Curzon's divide-and-rule policy
1919: Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13)
General Dyer orders firing on unarmed crowd
379 killed (official), thousands wounded
Turned moderate Indians into nationalists
1920-22: NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT
├── Surrender titles and honorary offices
├── Boycott civil services, army, police, courts
├── Boycott government schools → National schools
├── Boycott foreign goods → Swadeshi goods
└── Ended: Chauri Chaura incident (Feb 1922)
Mob burned police station, 22 police killed
Gandhi called off movement
1929: Lahore Session — Purna Swaraj declared
January 26 = Independence Day (now Republic Day)
1930-34: CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT
├── Dandi March (March 12 – April 6, 1930)
│ Gandhi walks 240 miles to make salt
│ Breaks salt law (British monopoly on salt)
├── Forest laws violated
├── No-tax campaigns by peasants
└── Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931) — temporarily suspended
1939-45: World War II
Congress withdraws support → Quit India Movement (1942)
1947: August 15 — Independence
NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT:
Women: Joined picketing of foreign cloth/liquor shops
Spun khadi, participated in marches
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE:
Women: More actively participated than Non-cooperation
PEASANTS (e.g., Awadh under Baba Ramchandra):
No-rent movements against talukdars
Linked to national movement — joined Congress
TRIBAL MOVEMENTS:
Gudem Hills (AP): Led by Alluri Sitaram Raju
Opposed forest laws restricting their rights
Used guerrilla tactics, killed British officials
DALITS:
Ambedkar organized them politically
Poona Pact (1932): Separate electorates given up for reserved seats
Tension between Congress and Dalit leaders on representation
BY ORIGIN:
Biotic: Living origin (fish, forests, plants)
Abiotic: Non-living origin (rocks, minerals, water)
BY EXHAUSTIBILITY:
Renewable: Can be replenished (solar, wind, forests)
Non-renewable: Fixed stock, exhausted with use (coal, petroleum)
BY OWNERSHIP:
Individual: Private land, farms
Community: Playgrounds, public parks, grazing land
National: Oceans within territorial limits, rivers
International: Ocean beyond 200 nautical miles (EEZ), Antarctica
BY STATUS OF DEVELOPMENT:
Potential: Exist but not yet used (Rajasthan solar energy)
Developed: Surveyed, quantified, being used
Stock: Available but no technology to use (H₂ in water)
Reserve: Can be used with current technology, conserved for future
LAND USE CATEGORIES:
Total Land: 3.28 million km²
Forest land: ~22% (target is 33%)
Agricultural use (net sown): ~46%
Wasteland: ~10%
Pastures/grazing: ~4%
Others (settlements, roads): ~18%
SOIL TYPES MAP (India):
┌────────────────────────────┐
│ J&K: Mountain soil │
│ │
│ Punjab/Haryana: │
│ Alluvial soil (fertile) │
│ │
│ Rajasthan: │
│ Arid/Desert soil │
│ │
│ Deccan Plateau: │
│ Black soil (cotton) │
│ │
│ Eastern/NE India: │
│ Laterite soil (leaching) │
│ │
│ Coastal regions: │
│ Alluvial soil │
└────────────────────────────┘
Black/Regur soil:
→ Volcanic origin, moisture retentive
→ Best for cotton cultivation
→ Maharashtra, Gujarat, MP, Andhra Pradesh
BELGIUM CASE:
Population: 59% Dutch, 40% French, 1% German
PROBLEM: French speakers politically dominant
Dutch speakers discriminated despite majority
SOLUTION: Power Sharing model
Belgium Power Sharing Diagram:
┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Central Government │
│ (equal Dutch + French ministers) │
└─────────────────────────────────────────┘
↓ ↓
┌─────────┐ ┌─────────┐
│Flemish │ │Wallonia │
│Region │ │Region │
│Govt │ │Govt │
└─────────┘ └─────────┘
↓ ↓
┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Community Governments │
│ (Dutch, French, German-speaking) │
│ Handle cultural/education matters │
└─────────────────────────────────────────┘
Result: Belgium remained united, joined EU/NATO
SRI LANKA CASE:
Population: 74% Sinhalese, 18% Tamil, 8% other
WRONG approach taken:
1948: Sinhalese Only Act (language policy)
1970s: Policies favoring Sinhalese in universities/jobs
Result: Tamil resentment → demand for separate state (Eelam)
Civil war for 26 years
LTTE (Tamil Tigers) fought government
2009: War ends, thousands killed
LESSON: Power sharing necessary for social harmony
HORIZONTAL SHARING:
Among organs of government (Legislature, Executive, Judiciary)
Each checks and balances the other
Separation of powers (Montesquieu's concept)
VERTICAL SHARING (Federalism):
Between central and state/local governments
Constitutional distribution of powers
BETWEEN POLITICAL PARTIES:
Multi-party system
Coalition governments share power
AMONG SOCIAL GROUPS:
Reserved constituencies for SC/ST
Language representation in Parliament
FEDERAL SYSTEM: UNITARY SYSTEM:
Central Govt ←──→ State Govts Central Govt → State Govts
(constitutional division) (states are subordinate)
Powers split between: All power central:
Union List (97 subjects) States created/destroyed
State List (66 subjects) by center
Concurrent List (47 subjects) State laws need center approval
Countries: India, USA, Germany Countries: UK, France, China, Japan
HOLDING TOGETHER FEDERATION:
Started as unitary, more powers given to states/regions
Example: India, Spain, Belgium
COMING TOGETHER FEDERATION:
Independent states join, give up some sovereignty
Example: USA, Australia, Switzerland
INDIA'S FEDERAL FEATURES:
✓ Written constitution
✓ Division of powers (Union/State/Concurrent lists)
✓ Independent judiciary (Supreme Court)
✓ Bicameral legislature (Lok Sabha + Rajya Sabha)
INDIA'S UNITARY FEATURES (Strong Center):
✓ Single constitution
✓ Single citizenship
✓ President's Rule (can dismiss state govt)
✓ Emergency provisions
✓ IAS/IPS serve both center and states
INCOME is NOT enough to measure development:
Country A: Average income ₹50,000/person/year
→ But: 90% earn ₹10,000, 10% earn ₹4,10,000
→ Extreme inequality
Country B: Average income ₹40,000/person/year
→ But: Even distribution, good healthcare, education
→ Better quality of life
DEVELOPMENT = Many dimensions:
✓ Income level
✓ Education (literacy rate, years of schooling)
✓ Health (life expectancy, infant mortality rate)
✓ Security (personal safety, social equality)
✓ Political freedom
✓ Environmental sustainability
HDI combines 3 dimensions:
1. LONG AND HEALTHY LIFE → Life expectancy at birth
2. KNOWLEDGE → Mean years of schooling
Expected years of schooling
3. DECENT STANDARD OF LIVING → GNI per capita (PPP $)
HDI ranges from 0 to 1:
0.8+ = Very High Human Development
0.7-0.8 = High
0.5-0.7 = Medium
Below 0.5 = Low
Norway (0.957) ← World's highest
India (0.633) → Medium development
Niger (0.394) → Low development
BARTER SYSTEM problems:
Need "double coincidence of wants"
Example: Farmer wants shoes, cobbler wants wheat
Both must want what other has → difficult!
MONEY solves this:
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Functions of Money: │
│ 1. MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE (most important) │
│ Accepted by everyone, avoid barter │
│ │
│ 2. MEASURE OF VALUE (unit of account) │
│ Price expressed in rupees │
│ │
│ 3. STORE OF VALUE │
│ Save for future use (unlike perishable │
│ goods in barter) │
│ │
│ 4. STANDARD OF DEFERRED PAYMENT │
│ Loans taken in money, repaid in money │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────┘
FORMAL CREDIT SYSTEM:
RBI (Reserve Bank of India)
│ Regulates and controls
▼
Commercial Banks (SBI, HDFC, PNB...)
├── Accept deposits from people
├── Give loans at interest
└── Interest on loans > Interest on deposits
→ This difference is bank's profit
DEPOSITORS ──deposits──→ BANK ──loans──→ BORROWERS
Earn interest ←───────── Pay interest ────→
INFORMAL CREDIT:
Moneylenders, relatives, traders, landlords
NO regulation, high interest (30-100%+)
Often leads to "debt trap"
SELF HELP GROUPS (SHGs):
15-20 poor women form group
Collect small savings (₹25-100/month)
Give small loans to members
Keep records, manage themselves
Bank gives loan to SHG after 6 months good record
Interest: much lower than moneylenders
History:
Geography:
Civics:
Economics:
Class 10 Social Science complete notes — Nationalism in India, Resources & Development, Power Sharing, Federalism, Development, Money & Banking, Consumer Rights with maps and diagrams for CBSE board exam.
60 pages · 2.2 MB · Updated 2026-03-11
Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22): Led by Gandhi, boycott of British institutions, goods, titles, hartals. Ended after Chauri Chaura violence (1922). Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-34): Started with Dandi March (salt law violation), more direct breaking of unjust laws, involved peasants, tribals, women more widely.
Federal government: Power divided between center and states constitutionally (USA, India, Germany). Unitary government: All power with central government, states have limited powers (UK, France, Japan, Sri Lanka, China). India is a federal system with strong central bias (quasi-federal).
Formal credit: Banks, cooperatives, regulated by RBI, lower interest rates (8-12%). Informal credit: Moneylenders, traders, landlords, no regulation, very high interest (30-100%+). Problem: Rural poor have limited bank access, depend on informal sources at high cost.
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